Instructions Concerning the Processions on Rogation Days
by By Leonard Goffine, 1871


What are processions?

Rocessions are the solemn, public marching together of a number of persons, which in the Catholic Church are instituted according to the very earliest directions of the fathers, partly to encourage the piety of the faithful, partly in remembrance of graces received, in thanksgiving for them, or to obtain the divine assistance, and refer to the great mysteries of salvation. Those who take part in them with true piety, will reap salutary harvests of Christian virtue from them.


Are processions something new?

No, they were the custom in the very earliest centuries of the Church, as testified by the acts of the martyrs, of Cyprian, Lucius, Boniface, and the fathers of the Church, Basil, Chrysostom, Ambrose, Gregory, and others. They are also founded on Scripture. Thus King David caused the ark of the covenant to be carried in solemn procession to Jerusalem (ii. Kings vi.), and the same thing did Solomon, his son, when he placed the ark in the new temple, (iii. Kings viii.)

The ancients used to call the going out or going forth from Church procedere, "going away," hence the word procession, going out, marching about.


What do processions signify?

To the faithful they are a powerful incentive to fervor in prayer; when hundreds, even thousands of faithful praise God aloud, or cry to Him for help and mercy, must not even the coldest heart be roused to vivid, fervent devotion, since Christ has promised to be present even where two or three are assembled together in His name? Processions are a figure of the pilgrim life of the Christian upon earth; we are strangers here helow, and wanderers, our journey stretches from this valley of tears to the heavenly Sion; and the procession therefore at the end goes into the house of God; our journey leads over the thorny ways of life, and the procession therefore marches in the open air, where the pilgrim is exposed to all kinds of weather; processions are an open acknowledgment that to the Almighty God alone praise, thanks, and adoration are due, while they are a public profession of our faith in Christ, the Crucified; they are a solemn thanksgiving for being permitted to profess Christ, our Lord, before the whole world, as also for all the graces obtained through Him; they are a public testimonial of our faith in the one, holy, Catholic Church, whose members are united by the same bond of faith, and who form under their head, Christ, one family in God. Therefore the marching from one Church to the other, the bending of the banners in mutual salutation when parts of the processions meet each other. Finally, they are a sign of the triumph of Christian faith over the darkness of heathenism. If processions are solemnized with such intentions, with order and dignity, with fervent devotion in the light of faith, they are indeed, under the direction of a worthy priest, pleasing spectacles for angels and men, soon silencing the sneers and derision of faithless men.


Why are banners and the cross carried in processions?

The cross signifies, that we are assembled, as Christians, in the name of Jesus, who was crucified, in whose name we begin and end our prayers, through whose merits we expect all things from the Heavenly Father, and whom we must follow all through our journey to heaven; the red and white banners indicate, that we must walk in all innocence under the banner of Christ, and fight unto death against sin, against the world and the devil, and be as ready as once were the martyrs to give our life for our faith; the blue banners show, that we must walk the road of self-denial and mortification, with really humble and penitent feelings for our sins. The banners are also emblematic of Christ's victory over death and hell, and of the triumph of His religion over the pagans and Jews.


Why do we go around the fields in processions?

To beg the merciful God to bless the fields with His fatherly hand, give and preserve the fruits of the earth, and as He fills the animals with blessings, and gives them food at the proper time, so may He give to us also our necessary food.


What is the origin of the processions on St. Mark's day and in Holy Cross Week?

The procession on St. Mark's day was instituted even before the time of Pope Gregory the Great (607) who, however, brought them into fervent practice, "in order," as he says, "to obtain in a measure forgiveness of our sins." The same pontiff introduced another procession called the "sevenfold procession," because the faithful in Rome took part in it in seven divisions, from seven different Churches, meeting in the Church of the Blessed Virgin. It was also named the "Pest procession," because it was ordered by St. Gregory to obtain the cessation of a fearful pestilence which was at that time raging in Rome, and throughout all Italy, which so poisoned the atmosphere, that one opening his mouth to gape or sneeze would suddenly fall dead (hence the custom of saying "God bless you", to one sneezing, and the sign of the cross on the mouth of one who gapes). In this procession the picture of the Blessed Virgin which according to tradition was painted by St. Luke, was carried by order of the Pope, that this powerful mother might be asked for her intercession, after which the pestilence did really cease. It is said, that the processions in Rogation Week owe their establishment to St. Mamertus, Bishop of Vienne in France; in the neighborhood of which city there were, in the year 469, terrible earth-quakes which caused great destruction, the fruits perished, and various plagues afflicted the people; the saintly bishop assembled the faithful, recommended them to the aid of the merciful God, and led them in procession around the fields. Such processions spread over France, and gradually throughout the Christian Church; they are held in order to obtain from God the averting of universal evils, such as war, famine, and pestilence, and are, at the same time, a preparation for the Ascension of Christ, who is our most powerful mediator with His Father, and whom we should especially invoke during these days.


With what intentions should we take part in the processions?

With the intention of glorifying God, of thanking Him for all His graces, and to obtain aid and comfort from Him in all our corporal and spiritual needs; with the view of professing our faith openly before the whole world, and with the sincere resolution of always following Christ, the Crucified, in the path of penance and mortification. He who entertains other intentions and takes part, perhaps, for temporal advantages, or for sinful pleasures, or to avoid labor, &c, sins against God and the Church, which weeps over such abuses and condemns them.



Rogation Monday

Lesson i. Ch. 11, 5-13:

At that time: Jesus said to His disciples: Which of you shall have a friend and shall go to him in the middle of the night and say to him: Friend, lend me three loaves. And so forth.

Homily of St. Ambrose, Bishop Book 7 on Luke, Ch. 11

This passage gives occasion for another teaching: that at every moment, not only by day, but by night as well, prayer should be offered up. For you see how he who went at midnight to beg three loaves of his friend, and persisted in asking, was not disappointed in what he asked. What are these three loaves, but the food of heavenly mysteries? And this food, if you love the Lord your God, you will merit to obtain, not only for yourself alone, but for others also. For who is more of a friend to us, than he who delivered up his body for us?

R. Let those now say, who have been redeemed, alleluia, * By the Lord, alleluia, alleluia.

V. Whom he has rescued from the hand of the enemy, and has gathered them out of the lands. By the Lord.



From him at midnight David begged bread, and received it. For he was asking this, when he said: I rose at midnight to give praise to thee. Even so did he obtain those loaves which he has set before us as our refreshment. He was asking this when he said: Every night I will wash my bed. For he was not fearful of waking him who does not sleep. And therefore, bearing in mind what is written, persevering in prayer by day and by night, let us beg forgiveness for our sins.

R. Sing to the Lord, alleluia: * Pour forth a psalm unto him, alleluia.

V. Bring to the Lord glory and honor, bring to the Lord glory for his name. Pour.

For if David, a man so holy, and one who was occupied with the affairs of his kingdom, gave praise to the Lord seven times a day, and never missed the morning and evening sacrifices; what ought we to do, who should beseech him all the more earnestly, because we transgress the oftener, by reason of the weakness of our flesh and of our mind, that when, weary of our journey, and tired by the affairs of the world and the winding paths of this life, the bread of refreshment, which strengthens the heart of man, may not fail us? The Lord teaches us to be watchful, not only at midnight, but at almost every moment. For he comes at the evening hour, and in the second watch, and in the third: and he is accustomed to knock. Blessed therefore are those servants whom, when the Lord shall come, he shall find watching.

R. I will declare thy name to: my brethren, alleluia: * In the midst of the congregation will: I praise thee, alleluia, alleluia.

V. I will give praise to thee, O Lord, among the people, and; I will sing a psalm to thee among the nations. Glory be to the Father.




Rogation Tuesday

From the first Epistle of blessed Peter the Apostle
Lesson i. Ch. 4, 1-7


Since Christ therefore has suffered in the flesh, do you also arm yourselves with the same intent; because he who has suffered in the flesh has ceased from sins; that during the rest of his time in the flesh, he may live no longer according to the lusts of men but according to the will of God. For sufficient is the past for those to have accomplished the desire of the pagans, walking, as they did, in dissipation, lusts, drunkenness, revellings, carousings and unlawful worship of idols. They are amazed that you do not run with them into the same flood of dissipation, and they abuse you. But they will render an account to him who is ready to judge the living and the dead. For to this end was the gospel preached even to the dead, that they may be judged indeed as men in flesh but may live as God lives in spirit. But the end of all things is at hand.

R. Bless God in the churches, alleluia, * The Lord from the fountains of Israel, alleluia, alleluia.

V. Sing a psalm to his name, give glory to His praise. The Lord.



Lesson ii. Ch. 4, 7-11

Be prudent therefore and watchful in prayers. But above all things have a constant mutual charity among yourselves; for charity covers a multitude of sins. Be hospitable to one another without murmuring. According to the gift that each has received, administer it one another as good stewards of the manifold grace of God. If anyone speaks, let it be as with words of God. If anyone ministers, let it be as from strength that God furnishes; that in all things God may be honored through Jesus Christ to whom are the glory and dominion forever. Amen


R. With my whole heart, alleluia, I have sought after thee, alleluia: * Let me not, stray from thy commandments, alleluia, alleluia.

V. Blessed art thou, O Lord, teach me thy justifications. Let me not.



Lesson iii. Ch. 4, 12-17


Beloved, do not be startled at the trial by fire that is taking place among you to prove you, as if something strange were happening to you; but in as far as you are partakers of the sufferings of Christ, rejoice that you may also rejoice with exultation in the revelation of His glory. If you are upbraided for the name of Christ, blessed will you be; because the honor, the glory and the power of God and His Spirit rest upon you. Let none of you suffer as a murderer, or a thief, or a slanderer, or as one coveting what belongs to others. But if he suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God under this name. For the time has come for the judgment to begin with the household of God.


R. Sing to us a hymn, alleluia: How shall we sing the song of the Lord in a strange land? alleluia, alleluia.

V. For there they who led us into captivity, required of us the words of songs. How shall we sing the song of the Lord in a strange land? alleluia, alleluia.

Glory be to the Father, etc.

How shall we sing the song of the Lord in a strange land? alleluia, alleluia.


LAUDS

At the Benedictus: Ant. It was necessary that Christ should suffer and rise again from the dead, alleluia.

Prayer: O God, from whom all good things come: grant to us thy suppliants that by thy inspiration we may think those things that are right, and do them under thy guidance. Through our Lord.

VESPERS

At the Magnificat: Ant. I came forth from the Father, and I am come into the world; again I leave the world, and go to the Father, alleluia.



Rogation Wednesday

The reading of the holy Gospel according to John
Lesson i. Ch. 17, 1-11


At that time: Jesus raising His eyes to heaven, said: Father, the hour has come! Glorify thy Son. And so forth.


Homily of St. Augustine, Bishop Treatise 104 on John

Our Lord, the only-begotten and co-eternal with the Father, could, if it were necessary, in the form of a servant, and out of the form of a servant, pray in silence. But he willed to show himself thus as praying to the Father, that he might remember that he was our teacher. Accordingly, that prayer which he made for us, he also made known to us. For not only the discourses to them by so great a master, but also His prayer for them to His Father contribute to the edification of His disciples. If however it was edifying for those who were present to hear his words, surely it would be for us also who were to read those words when they had been written down. R. O God, to thee I will sing a new canticle, alleluia:

V. Thou art my God, and I will praise thee: thou art my God, and I will exalt thee. On the psaltery of ten strings I will sing to thee, alleluia.


Lesson ii

Wherefore by these words: Father, the hour is come, glorify Thy Son; He showed that all time, and every occasion when He did anything or let anything be done, was determined by Him who was Himself not subject to time: for, all things which were to take place at some fixed future time have their efficient causes in the wisdom of God, with whom there are no distinctions of time. And so it must not be believed that this hour had come because it was brought on by fate, but rather because ordained by God. Nor did any law of the heavenly bodies determine the Passion of Christ: far be it from us to imagine that the stars should compel the Maker of stars to die.


R. It is good to give praise to the Lord, alleluia: And to sing, alleluia.

V. Upon a psaltery of ten strings, with a canticle upon the harp. And to sing, alleluia.


Lesson iii

Some think that the Son was glorified by the Father in that He spared him not, but delivered Him up for us all. But if He can be said to be glorified in His Passion, how much more so in His resurrection? For in His Passion, His humility rather than His glory is manifested, as the Apostle bears witness, saying: He humbled Himself, becoming obedient unto death, even to the death of the cross. And then He continues, and now speaks of His glorification: For which cause God also has exalted Him, and has given Him a name which is above all names: that in the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those that are in heaven, on earth, and under the earth. And that every tongue should confess that the Lord Jesus Christ is in the glory of God, the Father. This is the glorification of our Lord Jesus Christ, which took its beginning from His resurrection.

R. Let those now say, who have been redeemed, alleluia. By the Lord, alleluia, alleluia.

V. Whom he has rescued from the hand of the enemy, and has gathered them out of the lands. By the Lord, alleluia, alleluia.

Glory be to the Father.
By the Lord, alleluia, alleluia.


LAUDS

V. In thy resurrection, O Christ, alleluia.
R. Let heaven and earth rejoice, alleluia.

At the Benedictus:

Ant. Father, the hour is come, glorify thy Son with the glory which I had with thee before the world was, alleluia.


Prayer: O God, from whom all good things come: grant to us thy suppliants that by Thy inspiration we may think those things that are right, and do them under thy guidance. Through our Lord.













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